An intangible cultural heritage inheritor demonstrates how to play kongzhu in Beijing on November 22, 2024. 

Kongzhu, also known as the Chinese Yo-Yo, is a traditional toy popular in Beijing. It literally means “hollow bamboo” due to being traditionally made of bamboo or wood, and is called diabolo in Western countries following the introduction of the game there. Its design looks simple: two disks are connected by an axle and a string with two handles provides maneuverability to spin the axle. By pulling the strings in different ways, the kongzhu can pull off a dazzling, diverse array of moves. 

Kongzhu originated from ancient Chinese tops and gradually evolved into a unique folk toy and performance art. As early as in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), its tricks and production process were recorded in the book Capital Beijing’s Popular Sites and Folk Customs. In 2006, kongzhu playing was officially added to China’s first list of national intangible cultural heritage items. 

Kongzhu comes in a wide range of sizes and materials. Each disc has multiple whistle holes — one large hole serving as a bass outlet and several smaller ones producing higher pitches. When the kongzhu rotates, the sounds of these whistles overlap, creating a penetrating sound. 

There are hundreds of juggling tricks for this game, all emphasizing varying levels of coordination and skill. Many classic tricks have poetic names such as Taitouwangyue (Looking up at the Moon), Caiyunzhuiyue (Colorful Clouds Chasing the Moon), and Qingyunzhishang (Soaring up into the Sky). In addition to solo performances, there are numerous group routines that highlight teamwork and synchronization. 

Kongzhu playing features a wide range of skills, and it generally requires dexterity more than physical strength, making it especially popular among the elderly as a way to stay active and entertained. Today, it is a common sight to see senior citizens playing kongzhu in Beijing’s parks, taking it as a fun activity to keep fit. 

In recent years, cultural heritage inheritors have actively promoted Kongzhu playing, helping to pass on this traditional art to younger generations. In 2011, Beijing Huimin School added kongzhu playing to its curriculum, at the suggestion of kongzhu master and cultural heritage inheritor Li Lianyuan. Besides educational programs, free live performances are often arranged to showcase the unique charm of this traditional game. During the 2025 May Day holiday, Beijing World Park hosted an Intangible Cultural Heritage Arts Festival, where an impressive display of a range of advanced kongzhu playing skills demonstrated by kongzhu inheritor Ma Yanrong captivated a large audience.