University students are increasingly employing substitutes for a wide range of duties, from attending compulsory morning exercises and classes to writing papers or even love letters. These substitutes advertise their services on campus bulletin boards.

Universities generally stipulate that anyone failing to attend a class on three occasions forfeits their right to sit the final examination. Students, however, get around this by paying someone else to attend class, answer a question or two, and answer the roll-call in their name. Substitution is becoming common campus practice. Educators understandably deplore the phenomenon as it indicates a major flaw in diploma-oriented higher education and absence of student integrity.